Goldenseal |
Hydrastis
canadensis
|
| Self-Help Supplies |
All of the supplies needed or necessary that
are mentioned in this chapter or in our rehab guidelines and
rehab exercising self-help programs are available in our Bookstore.
Most of you know that I used many different herbs to help your
body heal itself better and faster. But also they were
used to prevent and minimize the seriousness of any future injuries.
A lot of the best-written materials on Herbs go all the way
back many hundreds of years ago. I would like you to purchase
some of these great books of natural healing for you own library
when possible. This is one of those books I recommend you purchase.
When you find or see books written by Dr. Frances Hole or Mr.
Charles W. Brunelle on Herbology consider purchasing them as
well.
The following quote on Golden Seal comes from, "The Book
Of Herbal Wisdom: Using Plants As Medicines" by Matthew
Wood. Its ISBN is 1-55643-232-1. Remember, as you read through
this section, to think about how Golden Seal plays a important
part in your riding and raci41 and how it will help your body
to heal faster, better, and prevent future injuries just by
its presence and influence within your body. |
| Golden Seal |
Mr. Matthew Wood’s say, "Goldenseal
is an old American Indian medicine plant. It was not well known
to the white settlers until they crossed the Appalachians. Linnaeus
was confused about its nomenclature and it was little known
to the scientific world. Before 1800 its cousin Goldthread (Corptis’
trifolia) was widely used as a popular remedy, though mostly
just for sores in the mouth and "webs in the eyes."
As the Midwest opened up to settlement, Goldenseal quickly came
to replace Goldthread. It also came to he seen as a more general
tonic than Goldthread. In addition to curing sores, it was seen
as a genera] tonic to the mucous membranes and digestive tract.
Rafinesque first publicized it in 1828. From this time on Goldenseal
was widely used by lay and professional practitioners. By 1910
Hydrastis was the most common item in American herbal commerce,
and was being picked to extinction.
There is a major difference between the way Goldenseal was used
in the nineteenth century and the way it is used today. The
old lay and professional practitioners understood Goldenseal
as a bitter tonic that would, in small doses, stimulate the
mucous membranes of the digestive tract to greater activity,
promoting tissue feeding and rebuilding while strengthening
the heart and nervous system. It was therefore used principally
as a digestive and nutritive tonic. This usage has been largely
forgotten by herbalists today, although it is still used as
a tonic by old folks in the south. Iris commonly called "Yaller
Root" down that way.
The discovery that berberine, the "active ingredient"
in Hydrastis, is a natural antibiotic," has led to its
use in large doses to fight infection. Today Goldenseal is one
of the most popular (and overused) herbs in the marketplace.
As a native of heavily shaded woodlands in the Midwestern United
States, Goldenseal has become increasingly rare in the wild.
Over picking and destruction of habitat endanger the wild population.
There is some cultivation, but Goldenseal is already becoming
rare in the wild. In an area which John Un Lloyd mapped out
as the center of the range of the plant at the turn of the century,
I know a picker who says it is impossible to find Goldenseal
in the wild unless one is a day’s journey off the road. |
| Tonic for the Mucosa and Digestion |
The nineteenth-century American doctors came
to the conclusion that Goldenseal acted primarily upon the mucosa
and the digestive tract, secondarily on the nervous system.
Through these structures, through tissue feeding and nutrition
as well as ennervarion, it acted on the muscular element, the
heart, and the general strength of the entire patient.
Here is a good summary of the old concepts from Dr. John William
Fyfe (1909), an eclectic: Hydrastis is an energetic tonic to
the circulatory and mucous structures. It is especially valuable
in diseases associated with irritation or debility of the gastric
mucous surfaces. In acute indigestion due to sudden change of
diet it constitutes a useful medicament, and in chronic inflammation
of the glands, as well as of the mucous structures, it is employed
with gratifying results. In hepatic torpor with constipation
and chronic gastritis, small doses of Hydrastis exert a curative
influence, and in hemorrhage from the uterus due to debility
it is often useful. In fact, in all diseases characterized by
sub-acute or chronic catarrhal conditions of the mucous membranes,
whether of the stomach, intestines, bladder, vagina, urethra,
uterus, bronchi or conjunctiva, the well-directed use of Hydrastis,
both internally and locally, will always give good results.
In convalescing it improves the appetite and nutrition, and
acts as a good tonic when given in doses of from five to twenty
drops, in water or milk, three times a day. When there is acute
inflammation, with arrest of secretion, it is contraindicated.
Fyfe quotes an earlier eclectic, Dr. French. He pin-points the
mucosa as the central point upon which Goldenseal acts: Hydrastis
is primarily a remedy for relaxed and diseased conditions of
mucous membranes. Its action is that of a tonic, promoting appetite
and digestion, increasing the flow of bile and the normal secretions
of the gastro-intestinal tract, while at the same time it lessens
over-secretion, corrects unhealthy discharges, and restores
the normal tone and function to the relaxed and diseased tissues.
The eclectic authors often seem to have relied upon the appearance
of the tongue in order to guide them to the right selection
of the remedy. We have descriptions of the tongue calling for
Goldenseal from a number of sources. Ellingwood gives a good
description. In my own words, I would say that the atonic, somewhat
pallid, slightly dry, enlarged, scalloped at the edges, with
a slight yellow haze for a coating. In more advanced cases ulcerations
appear, usually at the edges.
Hydrastis was proven by Dr. Edwin Hale, who brought so many
Native American plants into homeopathic use. Unfortunately,
Hale emphasized the production of thick yellow mucus in the
provings. This does not represent the true genius of the remedy.
The herbal experience with Goldenseal teaches us that it is
first a remedy for atonicity of the mucous membranes, resulting
in poor nutrition and tissue-building. The process leads into
ulceration of mucous membranes, then to the production of mucus,
as the body tires to cover and protest the deteriorating membranes,
and finally to the appearance of thick yellow mucus as bacteria
settle into infected areas. The earlier stages in this chain
of development are more important and commonplace than the latter.
They have unfortunately been overlooked in homeopathy.
Homeopathic sources are generally not too illuminating about
this remedy. However, a few of the authors give excellent accounts.
One of these would be Dr. George Royal. He lists Hydrastis under
a condition called "dilatation of the stomach" in
his Textbook of Homoeopathic Theory and Practice of Medicine
(1928). This refers to dilatation, thickening, ulceration and
prolapse of the walls of the stomach. The constitution calling
for Hydrastis is dyspeptic, debilitated and catarthal. The characteristic
symptoms are the following: Frequent eructations of a sour fluid
and occasional vomiting of all food. The tongue is thick, moist,
coated, and shows imprint of teeth. The tools are lumpy and
covered with mucus. Both fissures and hemorrhoids are found
about the anus. The blood count is low. Anemia is marked. The
skin is sallow. The subjective symptoms are a faint, all-gone
feeling in the stomach, with constant, violent palpitation of
the heart on exertion and after vomiting. In the abdomen we
have heavy, sharp, cutting, dragging pains. There is a dull
frontal headache, especially about the nasal sinuses. Use the
3rd decimal dilution and tincture.
Another of his homeopathic contemporaries, Dr. R. F Rabe, gives
a summary of the leading symptoms in Medical Therapeutics (1920):
Hydrastis affects the mucous membranes generally Its first affect
is to produce stimulation of the gastric functions, to which
is added a general increased reflex excitability. This is followed
by atonic, relaxed conditions of mucous surfaces, resulting
in debility, general catarrhal discharges and a tendency to
ulceration ... In consequence, we have a remedy most valuable
in catarrhal inflammations of the nasopharyngeal and gastro
intestinal tracts. One strong, characteristic and guiding symptom
is found in the tenacious, tough, yellowish nature of the discharges
which are, in addition, sometimes bloody and usually thick.
Another point, which makes the use of Hydrastis somewhat difficult
for Homeopaths, is that it seems to work best in small material
doses. Royal used the tincture and 3x potency. I have repeatedly
seen that patients respond best to small amounts usually about
a drop a day is sufficient. Some people need slightly more,
three to five drops, and some people less.
Because of its affinity for the mucous membranes and the solar
plexus, Goldenseal is an important remedy in respiratory complaints.
It deepens respiratory strength, improves tone and motility
of the mucosa and removes infection and excessive build up of
mucous. Once I used it to cure an infection of the ear, which
was causing a continuous discharge of clear yellow fluid from
the ear (it looked just like Goldenseal tincture.) The man dabbed
cotton to his ear continually, to soak up the discharge.
Hydrastis strengthens the solar plexus, toning up enervation
of the stomach, gallbladder and intestines, stimulates the mucous
membranes, promotes secretion, strengthens muscles and improves
peristaltic action. The atonic condition of the digestive tract
is reflected in the appearance of the tongue. The sensation
of "all-goneness" in the stomach is a highly characteristic
symptom produced in the homeopathic provings. It is felt by
anyone who takes a strong sniff of Goldenseal powder. This symptom
occasionally appears in the Hydrasris patient. It has been my
experience that it corresponds with patients who have suffered
an emotional loss. They feel like they have a "hemorrhage
of emotional energy" from the solar plexus.
Weakness of nerve force in the gallbladder and gall ducts, or
a mild prolapse due to poor nutrition and assimilation, probably
account for the sallow complexion sometimes seen in the Goldenseal
patient. Hydrastis is required in some cases of gallstone, inflammation
of the gallbladder, and gallstone colic. It proves curative
in these conditions by strengthening and toning, so that pathogenic
waste and concretions are eliminated.
The intestines tend to become atonic in the person requiring
Goldenseal, sometimes leading to constipation. This is one of
the most important remedies for this condition when it is chronic,
according to homeopathic authors such as Burt and Boericke.
However, it will also he indicated for a few cases of diarrhea
as well.
Here is a typical case illustrating the digestive problems associated
with Hydrastis. A thirty-four year-old woman suffered from "candida"
for many years. Her principal symptom was constipation. This
diagnosis, vague as it is, was made both by alternative and
conventional physicians, and satisfied the patient. She was
able to control the symptoms through a special diet. Although
she looked relaxed, she said she was tense. She did not look
tired. The tongue body was broad, pallid, flabby, dry, scalloped
on the edges, with a small ulcer at each side. The coating was
slight, yellow and dry. The pulse was deficient in force and
substance, but slightly tense. Hydrastis in tincture, one drop
per dose, and one to two drops a day, as needed, revitalized
her entire system and removed the constipation. The patient
reacted so strongly to her first dose that she asked whether
it was an aphrodisiac. She responded promptly and the symptoms
were largely removed, though she still had to watch her diet
somewhat. Three years later she was still in good shape.
Because of its strong influence upon mucous membranes and nerve
force, Hydrastis is indicated for atonic conditions of the female
tract where there is a build up of thick, yellow mucus and ulceration
of the cervix. Here it is traditionally given as a douche. It
is also used to help strengthen labor at the end of pregnancy,
but it is contraindicated (at least in substantial doses) during
the earlier weeks, because of the jolting, possibly abortifacient
properties. |
| Tonic for the Heart |
Goldenseal is sometimes required for deficient
action of the heart. Due to poor digestion and nutrition, the
muscles and nerves become atonic. The heart may, under these
circumstances, lack tone and strength. When Hydrastis is called
for in cardiac conditions, the pulse will be weak and slightly
tense, as mentioned above, but it will also be more irregular.
Dr. Christopher used Cayenne Pepper and Goldenseal as one of
his heart tonics. Ellingwood gives a detailed description of
the effect of Hydrastis on the cardiovascular system: It stimulates
the respiration and circulation, imparting tone and increased
power to the heart’s action, increasing arterial tension
and capillary blood pressure. The tone imparted to the muscular
structure of the heart differs from that imparted by strychnine
in being permanent and not spasmodic or intermittent in character.
It influences muscular structure everywhere in the system in
the same manner. It stimulates normal fibrillar contractility
and increased ton us, encouraging the nutrition of muscular
structure. It inhibits the development of superfluous muscular
tissue and abnormal growth within that structure. It is thus
most valuable in altered conditions of the heart muscle.
Goldenseal is a topical remedy for herpes and various "damp
hear" conditions where there is a red rash in moist places.
It seldom cures herpes, but as an external salve in conjunction
with a more specific remedy, like Ranunculus bulbosus or Prunus
serotina it can be helpful. |
| An Important Remedy for Ulceration |
Goldenseal is often beneficial for external
ulcerations. It will often help diabetic ulceration because
it improves nerve impulse, peripheral circulation and the health
of the skin. The powder should be put on and in the ulcers.
Karhi Koville, author of several books on herbalism, related
a story to me one time about a cure of diabetic ulceration,
which was undertaken by what sounds like Goldenseal, though
the exact information was lost long ago. At any rate, it is
a story that all herbalists should hear.
"About
twenty years ago I was living on a hippie commune in the Sierra
Nevadas," she explained. "We made some herbal remedies
and put information on the labels." Every state and federal
agency with any interest in regulations came down on them and
they were faced with a trial for practicing medicine without
a license. There was only one judge in the county, a seventy-six
year-old man. When the state presented the case, he seem to
he shocked by the fact that Yarrow and Plantain were in the
remedies. "Why those grow in my back yard," he exclaimed.
The defendants were surprised and relieved to find that he even
knew what herbs were. He took them aside and said, "we
don’t want this to get down to the flatlands do we,"
referring to the state capital in Sacramento. "You just
plead guilty and I’ll take care of you." They followed
his advice and were let off with a suspended sentence. |
| Diabetes |
Later the judge explained his sympathy to
the herbalists. "When I was six I used to ride the stage
coach with my grandfather, who ran the stage coach line in this
country. He had diabetes; his leg was ulcerous and scheduled
for removal in two weeks. A man riding the stage asked, ‘How’d
ya’ like to keep your leg?"’ The old man replied
why yes, he would. (I have known diabetics who preferred to
lose a leg than try an innocuous herb.) The mysterious passenger
opened up a traveling bag with numerous pouches. From one he
extracted a golden powder. "Put this on the leg and drink
it in a tea and it’ll he all right." He kept that
leg for twenty years, until he died. The little boy grew up
to become a judge. He waited and waited for the opportunity
to help an herbalist and return the favor, but none ever came
along until he was very old and nearly ready for retirement.
The perfect commentary on this story was provided later that
day at Brietenbush, by a woman who was a massage therapist,
though she hadn’t heard the story. "I like to give
away a few massages, some for exchanges, some for free. If you
do someone a favor you’ll get something in return. The
longer it takes, the better the gift."
Goldenseal is a specific remedy for gushing hemorrhages, which
are clean. It stops the bleeding and helps bring the edges of
the cut together. Here the powder may he sprinkled directly
on the cut. It possesses anti-bacterial properties. Any wound
needing stitches, or having been stitched, suggests Goldenseal
or Goldthread. It is absolutely contraindicated in dirty wounds,
because it will seal in pus, dirt, and infection, causing a
septicemia of the blood.
Thinking that Goldenseal will heal external hemorrhages, I started
to use it to heal internal tears in tissues. In particular,
I use it for torn disks in the spine, torn miniscus in the knee,
torn bursa in the hip, etc. It is a superlative remedy in these
problems. I simply have the person spread a few drops of the
tincture on the area and it "seals up" quickly. The
only thing that will hold it back is the presence of a lot of
inflammation from irritation of the tissues.
I have seen this therapy perform miracles, restoring people
to happiness and pain-free existence where before they were
literally tormented by pain. Furthermore, it seems that the
Goldenseal somehow nourishes and builds up the tissues of the
disks, so that they are actually stronger. My good friend Susan
was bucked off a difficult horse. She broke a few bones and
dislocated her hips and suffered from excruciating pain down
her left leg. I put her on Yarrow and Oak bark for the contusions
and St. John’s Wort for the pain. The bruises healed up
quickly and the pain lessened somewhat. Then I had her take
False Solomon’s Seal, which corrected the dislocation.
Her doctor and her chiropractor said she’d never he able
to ride again due to the hip joint problems, but we straightened
them out. This left the searing pain. The doctor was now able
to perceive that it was a torn disk. In literally a week we
completely eliminated the tear and the pain. The doctor by this
time getting resigned to the remarkably quick curing going on.
Then they discovered fractures up and down the spine. Well,
we used Comfrey, Boneset and Solomon’s Seal for that.
And let’s not forget Mullein at the end, to straighten
the spine and get everything back in place.
And here are only a few of many more cases that bubble up in
my memory. A woman down my way was writhing in agony from a
torn disk in the neck. This had been going on for a year and
a half. I gave her Prickly Ash for the pain. She had to take
it constantly at first, but after a month she was only taking
it a few times a day. About this time the inflammation in the
neck began to settle down and the disk started to heal up. It
took about three months and I had her on Goldenseal, Comfrey
and Lady’s Mantle, because the results were so slow and
I wasn’t sure if it was working. Eventually, however,
she was completely restored to freedom from searing pain. Another
time I used Goldenseal to cure a torn bursa. The woman felt
"bubbles" of fluid rising up out of the tear in the
hip. Goldenseal externally cured in less than a week! And once
again, I helped a jogger who was unable to exercise because
there was a tear in the miniscus of the knee. Total cure again
in a short time. |
| An Energetic Understanding of
Goldenseal |
This is a medicine, which really fits the
Chinese way of looking at the organism and herbs. The intense
yellow color of the root is a signature, which points to the
digestive and bilious functions. Yellow is said to strengthen
"the center" (the digestive and assimilative processes,
stomach and spleen) in Traditional Chinese Medicine. I suppose
it is only a coincidence that Goldenseal flourishes in the central
part of the United States - the earthy, nutritive Midwest. The
rich, damp earth in which it grows is also a signature for nutritive
enrichment. The single bright red berry, growing out from between
the yellow-green leaves, always reminds me of the blood emerging
from the nutritive process. This pictures the genius of Goldenseal.
More than anything, Goldenseal is a tonic for the center, the
stomach and spleen, when there is a weakness or deficiency of
chi. The spleen chi is responsible for assimilation and nutrition.
It is also responsible for "holding up" the organs.
The condition described by Dr. Royal, where the stomach was
weak and prolapsed perfectly describes a condition where weakness
of the spleen chi undermines the stomach. Goldenseal also acts
on the stomach chi directly, for it has such a strong affinity
to the solar plexus, the nerve and energy center for the stomach.
And it is primarily through these organs that Goldenseal acts
upon the rest of the organism including the mucosa and nervous
system.
The flavor of Goldenseal is bitter, with a sweet aftertaste,
the temperature is neutral, the impression jolting. Even a small
sniff of the herb is felt as a jolt on the solar plexus. In
large doses, Goldenseal weakens the solar plexus, and with it
the entire digestive-assimilative complex, "the center,"
but in small doses it strengthens these functions. Although
very bitter, there is a sweet undertone to Goldenseal. The bittersweet
flavor usually works well on the digestive tract since it provokes
secretion and activity.
Plants, which create blood usually, also control blood. Goldenseal
has long been used to stop bleeding, especially from recent
lacerations where the blood is Rowing freely. Here the powder
is sprinkled into the wound; coagulation follows and the edges
of the wound seal quickly. However, Goldenseal is expressly
contraindicated in infected, purulent, dirty wounds, because
it will seal in infection, pus, dirt, splinters, etc. I remember
one young woman in the country who was trying to treat herself
with a burn. She used Goldenseal, but kept having a red inflammation
set up where she applied it to the burn. I told her to stop,
it was sealing up something that was trying to come out. The
burn quickly healed.
Ben Charles Harris points out that the thread-like roots are
a signature indicating the use of Goldenseal to stop bleeding
in any wound that suggests stitches. It is especially indicated
where stitches need help, as in a cut to the bottom of the foot,
easily reopened by daily activity.
When we want to understand the essence of an herb we would like
to understand the personality and some of the mental symptoms
to which it is remedial. I am afraid that here my knowledge
falls short. There has been little discovered so far about the
mental symptoms calling for Goldenseal. Boericke has the most
to say: "Cerebral effects pronounced: wits sharpened, head
cleared, facile expression." This is, however, more of
a physiological statement than a psychological one.
If I had to characterize the typical Goldenseal patient, I would
say that he or she is sort of ponderous, lacking in the ability
to go with the flow, and stiffly out of touch. However, all
of this is rather subtle and difficult to pick up. I usually
look to the tongue, rather than the mind, to led me to Goldenseal.
The pale, atonic, somewhat apathetic, slightly coated, scalloped
tongue reveals to me a person who has been hit by strong experiences
that wear down their energy, but these may he physical rather
than psychological.
There is, however, one emotional condition, which I think calls
for Goldenseal. Patients, who have lost a strong emotional connection,
suffering a shock over the loss, will sometimes feel an "emotional
hemorrhage" from the stomach. This results in the "all-gone
sensation mentioned in homeopathic literature. This, however,
is not a symptom that I commonly find in cases requiring Goldenseal. |
| Preparation, Toxicity, and Dosage |
| Goldenseal works best as a digestive tonic
in small material doses. I prefer single drops of the mother
tincture, or a few drops of the lx dilution. The few homeopaths
that used Hydrastis usually used the low potencies like Royal.
The powder or the tincture are also beneficial. Remember to
he careful with this remedy during pregnancy and to avoid excessive
and prolonged use. |
| Analogs |
Recently there has been talk of using substitutes
for Goldenseal. It is closely allied with Goldthread (Coptis
trifolia), a native of the northern states and the Canadian
shield. In southern Appalachia, Yellow Root (Xanthorhiza simplicissima)
is used on pretty much the same indications as a tonic. There
is also a Chinese Goldthread (Coptis chinensis.) All of them
are in the Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) family. They have fine,
thread-like yellow roots which are bitter because of the presence
of an alkaloid, berberine. Other plants containing berberine
are Barberry Root (Berberis vulgaris) and Oregon Grape Root
(Berberis aquifolium.)
Any berberine-containing plant can he used as a substitute for
another, if we are looking for the crude effects of the plant
as a "natural antibiotic." However, when we speak
of specific indications and symptoms reflecting the essence,
we cannot he so cavalier. On this level there are considerable
differences between these plants. Yellow Root has long been
used as a substitute for Goldenseal as a stomach tonic. Because
it contains less berberine, it is not as successful as a "natural
antibiotic." Barberry Root can also he used for fever,
but it is associated with more dampness and has an affinity
to the liver and kidneys. Its cousin Oregon Grape Root also
has an affinity to the liver, but for heat or fever with dry
tendencies. Goldenseal seems to have the most affinity with
the mucosa, the stomach, solar plexus, and through the nerve
reflexes to the gallbladder. It is less active on the kidneys
than Barberry.
There are, however, some interesting analogies between Chinese
Coptis and Goldenseal. Coptis is also used as an infection fighting
medicine. It is one of the few remedies for the condition called
"heat crushing the pericardium," where fever causes
unconsciousness and delirium. In the days before antibiotics,
the berberine-containing herbs were one of the few medicines
strong enough to combat dangerous fever and infection.
The Chinese herbalists consider Coptis to be contraindicated
in "deficiency of the spleen chi," meaning the nutritive
and assimilative functions going on in the center of the body.
This is exactly where Goldenseal has its greatest affinities
as a tonic. In fact, it would be indicated in "spleen chi
deficiency." It is probable that Coptis would also have
this property, if used in small doses, as the Indians and the
early doctors did. It is also clear that this small contraindication
would apply to Goldenseal; in large doses it would weaken "deficient
spleen chi. " Here is another demonstration of the homeopathic
law that what a medicine causes, it will cure.
Western herbalists should take a lesson from these facts. Goldenseal
is useful as a "natural anti-biotic." It does fight
bacterial infections with fever and inflammation. However, the
use of large doses can be deleterious. I have sometimes seen
patients weakened by the overuse of Hydrastis. The tongue becomes
pale and atonic, the mucus membranes lose their tone - in fact,
we have exactly the conditions, which call for Goldenseal.
I do not have a very high opinion of the use of Hydrastis as
a ‘natural antibiotic." I always tell my students,
"why not just use regular antibiotics, it’s the same
idea and they’re more effective."
Here is a case history demonstrating the fallacies of large
and inappropriate doses of Goldenseal. The patient was a thirty-seven
year old woman. She had been suffering from a sore throat and
swollen glands, for the past three weeks. These appeared concurrently
with a herpetic lesion, but that had already disappeared. The
tongue was large, pallid, flabby and slightly dry. Pulse weak,
especially deficient on the left wrist. She had taken an Echinacea-Goldenseal
formula in large doses, which did nothing. I recommended Goldenseal
in single drop doses, up to 3 per day. After a short time she
was completely healed. I advised her never to take Goldenseal
in large doses."
We have used Golden Seal for many of the above discussed problems
both while we were on the raci41 circuit and at our clinic in
Quinby, SC. I believe you will discover, as we did, that it
is a great herb for many ailments and works very well for rider
and racer type injuries.
Caution
Not all manufacturers’ herbs work the same. Some manufacturers
dilute their products so much that the product works slower
or not at all. In raci41 I have learned that only performance
counts. And if I continued using the product it was because
it was performing. So remember, many manufacturers’ products
just don’t work at the levels necessary for the racers.
I personally know that the ones listed here do perform and so
do the riders who use them.
This amazing herb called "Golden Seal" can be purchased
from our Bookstore.
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